Water gathered at the heart of East Africa creates one of the continent’s most important geographic landmarks. Lake Victoria lies near the Equator and is shared by Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. Its open water, island-dotted shores and connections to rivers make it easy to spot on a regional map, yet its role reaches well beyond…
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Yes, cruise ships can discharge some material into the ocean, but each stream has its own limits. A vessel may treat, hold, transfer, or discharge material. The choice depends on the material, the ship’s location, its equipment and the rules in those waters. Separate waste streams make the simple image of a ship dumping one…
Ocean water can freeze into a broad, floating skin called sea ice at its surface. Each polar winter, cold air pulls heat from the sea surface until crystals begin to form. The result can spread across millions of square kilometers. Its growth responds to wind, waves and currents. Salt and changing sunlight matter too. The…
Sunlight enters the sea as a broad mix of colors, then water begins sorting that light along its path. In clear water, the red end of the spectrum fades rapidly. Blue light remains available over a longer distance, so light returning from the water to an observer often carries a blue cast. Selective absorption gives…
