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Artist's illustration of NASA's New Horizons spacecraft transmitting data back to Earth

New Horizons spent nine years racing toward Pluto, swept through its historic encounter in hours, then needed 15 months to send the complete record of that brief passage back across billions of miles to Earth

NASA’s New Horizons mission compressed years of engineering and navigation into several crucial hours near Pluto. According to NASA’s official data return report, the spacecraft later needed more than 15 months to transmit the complete record of that encounter back to Earth. The timing exposed one of the defining challenges of exploring the outer solar…

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Eroding coastline

Why Some Coastlines Wear Away Faster Than Others

Stand on two beaches just a few miles apart and the contrast can be striking. One may look wide, calm and stable, while the other shows crumbling cliffs, damaged dunes and waves steadily eating away at the land. Coastlines sit where water is always moving and land is often loose, so even small differences can…

Glowing deep sea

Why Some Deep-Sea Animals Glow in the Dark

The ocean remains a place where eyes stays essential far beneath the reach of daylight. In the darkness, animals make their own light. The sea holds the great majority of glowing life on Earth and that glow serves many jobs at once, from hiding a body outline to pulling prey close. Deep-sea bioluminescence is one…

Ocean upwelling

What Causes Ocean Waters to Rise From Below

The ocean may look calm on the surface, but beneath it lies a dynamic world of constant motion. Water doesn’t just move across the seas. Some currents travel horizontally across vast distances, while others sink deep or rise upward. When deeper water moves toward the surface, most scientists called this process upwelling. This plays an…