# ARGO.net Science > Founded in 1995, ARGO.net Science provides focused coverage of oceans and water alongside breaking science news, clear explainers, useful statistics, and data-driven stories across space, Earth, health, physics, chemistry, biology, technology, nature, and humans. Canonical URL: https://www.argo.net/ ARGO.net Science is a United States-based English-language publication with a strong editorial focus on ocean and water research alongside wider science news, explainers, and statistics. ## Sections - [Space](https://www.argo.net/space/index.html.md): Orbital science, astronomy, remote sensing, and what lies beyond the atmosphere. - [Earth](https://www.argo.net/earth/index.html.md): Geology, ecosystems, land systems, and the forces shaping our planet. - [Water](https://www.argo.net/water/index.html.md): Water science news, explainers, and statistics covering freshwater, hydrology, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice, and Earth’s connected water systems. - [Oceans](https://www.argo.net/oceans/index.html.md): Ocean science news, explainers, and statistics covering marine environments, currents, climate, coasts, seafloor research, and the changing global ocean. - [Health](https://www.argo.net/health/index.html.md): Human performance, public health, biology, and the science of living well. - [Physics](https://www.argo.net/physics/index.html.md): Measurement, motion, energy, and the physical rules behind complex systems. - [Chemistry](https://www.argo.net/chemistry/index.html.md) - [Biology](https://www.argo.net/biology/index.html.md) - [Technology](https://www.argo.net/technology/index.html.md): Sensors, robotics, data tools, and the systems powering modern discovery. - [Nature](https://www.argo.net/nature/index.html.md): Warming trends, resilience, forecasting, and the data behind a changing climate. - [Humans](https://www.argo.net/humans/index.html.md) - [News](https://www.argo.net/news/index.html.md) - [Explainer](https://www.argo.net/explainer/index.html.md) - [Statistics](https://www.argo.net/statistics/index.html.md) - [Live](https://www.argo.net/live/index.html.md): Automatically refreshed oceans, water, Earth, and space dashboards built from authoritative public sources, with visible data timestamps, methodology, and plain-language context. - [Tracker](https://www.argo.net/tracker/index.html.md): Source-checked living reference pages for missions, climate patterns, and scientific records, with visible update dates, review schedules, and change logs. ## Latest Stories - [Across 66 astronauts and cosmonauts, a study found longer missions drew more coping humor, while self-defeating jokes rose later in a space career](https://www.argo.net/across-66-astronauts-and-cosmonauts-a-study-found-longer-missions-drew-more-coping-humor-while-self-defeating-jokes-rose-later-in-a-space-career/index.html.md): A study of 66 spacefarers found that humor in spaceflight memoirs, interviews, debriefs and oral histories followed clear social patterns rather than appearing as random comic relief. The... - [NASA data from 83 astronauts and analog crewmates found that tidy, considerate behavior explained roughly 40 percentage points more of whether a crew would work together again, giving mission planners a measure of the daily habits that help isolated teams stay workable](https://www.argo.net/nasa-data-from-83-astronauts-and-analog-crewmates-found-that-tidy-considerate-behavior-explained-roughly-40-percentage-points-more-of-whether-a-crew-would-work-together-again-giving-mission-planners/index.html.md): A survey linked daily habits with future crew trust A Frontiers in Psychology study followed 83 astronauts and analog crewmates across 24 teams and asked a simple question... - [Five women watched nine planetarium scenes three times and a 0.001-lux new moon sky gave the strongest healing scores while the blackest dome first raised stress before dark adaptation gradually eased it](https://www.argo.net/five-women-watched-nine-planetarium-scenes-three-times-and-a-0-001-lux-new-moon-sky-gave-the-strongest-healing-scores-while-the-blackest-dome-first-raised-stress-before-dark-adaptation-gradually-eased/index.html.md): The kind of darkness many city residents rarely see may also be the kind that feels best under a planetarium dome. In a small experiment, the most soothing... - [Parabolic flights showed why men who could not stand routine often handled weightlessness better, as a study of 24 volunteers found boredom scores and motion sickness history helped classify poor adaptation with 93.33 percent accuracy](https://www.argo.net/parabolic-flights-showed-why-men-who-could-not-stand-routine-often-handled-weightlessness-better-as-a-study-of-24-volunteers-found-boredom-scores-and-motion-sickness-history-helped-classify-poor-adap/index.html.md): Parabolic flights are famous for creating short bursts of weightlessness, but the most striking result in this study was psychological. Among 24 novice male participants, the men who... - [A 30-second message telling Oregon beach visitors they could help move other people to act raised climate-action intent in a 2,414-person field experiment, while warnings about ocean acidification and appeals to coastal attachment produced no detectable lift and did not change the final sticker choice meant to mimic real-world follow-through](https://www.argo.net/a-30-second-message-telling-oregon-beach-visitors-they-could-help-move-other-people-to-act-raised-climate-action-intent-in-a-2414-person-field-experiment-while-warnings-about-ocean-acidification-and/index.html.md): Thirty seconds was enough for researchers to measure a small shift in what people said they might do next about climate and ocean change, but only when the... - [A 520-day Mars mission simulation found five times more conflict with Mission Control than inside the crew and it showed how sleep strain, stress and just two vulnerable crewmembers could dominate the social pressure of a 17-month voyage](https://www.argo.net/a-520-day-mars-mission-simulation-found-five-times-more-conflict-with-mission-control-than-inside-the-crew-and-it-showed-how-sleep-strain-stress-and-just-two-vulnerable-crewmembers-could-dominate-the/index.html.md): The Mars500 isolation study kept six men inside a sealed habitat for 520 days, long enough to mimic the travel time of a classic round-trip mission to Mars.... - [Marine reserve trips left 228 tourists with two distinct paths toward conservation, as awe tracked the easier promises to recycle and save resources while nature connection aligned more strongly with donating, volunteering and asking others to stop harming the coast](https://www.argo.net/marine-reserve-trips-left-228-tourists-with-two-distinct-paths-toward-conservation-as-awe-tracked-the-easier-promises-to-recycle-and-save-resources-while-nature-connection-aligned-more-strongly-with/index.html.md): One of the study's central puzzles was simple enough for any traveler to recognize. People can come home from a striking day in nature feeling amazed, calmer and... - [Twenty-second views of James Webb deep-space images and star fields in a 113-person study were linked to higher awe, stronger feelings of vastness and restoration and no rise in negative emotion when the same people later rated urban scenes](https://www.argo.net/twenty-second-views-of-james-webb-deep-space-images-and-star-fields-in-a-113-person-study-were-linked-to-higher-awe-stronger-feelings-of-vastness-and-restoration-and-no-rise-in-negative-emotion-when/index.html.md): Twenty seconds was enough to move the numbers. In a two-part psychology study with 113 participants, people who looked at sets of James Webb Space Telescope deep-space images... - [Power rose and benevolence dipped for 12 astronauts midway through 4 to 7 month ISS missions, while perceived gaps across seven personal values tracked where crew tension was most likely to grow](https://www.argo.net/power-rose-and-benevolence-dipped-for-12-astronauts-midway-through-4-to-7-month-iss-missions-while-perceived-gaps-across-seven-personal-values-tracked-where-crew-tension-was-most-likely-to-grow/index.html.md): Twelve astronauts who spent 4 to 7 months aboard the International Space Station showed a striking psychological pattern during flight. Scores tied to power and hedonism rose early... - [Twenty percent shorter inner minutes appeared in orbit while memory for docking and spacewalk dates stayed close to Earth time and a 10-astronaut study on the International Space Station suggests that routine duration judgments can drift even when mission milestones remain firmly tracked](https://www.argo.net/twenty-percent-shorter-inner-minutes-appeared-in-orbit-while-memory-for-docking-and-spacewalk-dates-stayed-close-to-earth-time-and-a-10-astronaut-study-on-the-international-space-station-suggests-that/index.html.md): Ten astronauts who spent six to eight months in orbit gave researchers a striking split result: when they judged a single minute, their responses shifted in a way... - [ISS cosmonauts spoke to Mission Control more than twice as much during heavy workloads, while negative emotion signals rose fivefold across 164,658 statements, suggesting that long missions may require stronger support from the ground](https://www.argo.net/iss-cosmonauts-spoke-to-mission-control-more-than-twice-as-much-during-heavy-workloads-while-negative-emotion-signals-rose-fivefold-across-164658-statements-suggesting-that-long-missions-may-requir/index.html.md): Long missions in orbit depend on voice traffic from the ground and the new paper shows that the emotional tone of that traffic can shift sharply when work... - [Freedivers who trained without breath three times a week for seven months kept stable hippocampal volumes and normal episodic memory, as MRI scans in 17 divers and 20 other athletes found no detectable damage from repeated voluntary hypoxia and no change in how the brain sorted similar experiences](https://www.argo.net/freedivers-who-trained-without-breath-three-times-a-week-for-seven-months-kept-stable-hippocampal-volumes-and-normal-episodic-memory-as-mri-scans-in-17-divers-and-20-other-athletes-found-no-detectabl/index.html.md): Low oxygen is usually bad news for the brain region that helps people store events, places and the fine details that separate one memory from another. A new... - [A Ro-Pax ferry study of 22 crew members found engine-room noise above 96 decibels was linked with physical fatigue, while cabins that met maritime rules still sat above health guidance for undisturbed sleep and left recovery as a human-performance concern between shifts](https://www.argo.net/a-ro-pax-ferry-study-of-22-crew-members-found-engine-room-noise-above-96-decibels-was-linked-with-physical-fatigue-while-cabins-that-met-maritime-rules-still-sat-above-health-guidance-for-undisturbed/index.html.md): Engine-room noise above 96 dB(A), crew cabins that still sat above sleep guidance and fatigue scores that rose with heavier exposure gave one ferry study a clear human-performance... - [In a 392-patient dental clinic trial, adults waiting near fish rated the room more favorably, but the aquarium did not measurably lower anxiety, mood scores, blood pressure, or heart rate before treatment](https://www.argo.net/in-a-392-patient-dental-clinic-trial-adults-waiting-near-fish-rated-the-room-more-favorably-but-the-aquarium-did-not-measurably-lower-anxiety-mood-scores-blood-pressure-or-heart-rate-before-treat/index.html.md): Three hundred ninety-two adults sat through a real-world test of a familiar idea in healthcare design: if people watch fish before a stressful appointment, will they actually feel... - [Twenty-two divers played a gambling game 100 feet underwater and the deeper group kept picking the losing decks while previous dive count offered no clear protection, a sign that nitrogen narcosis may bend judgment before people notice it](https://www.argo.net/twenty-two-divers-played-a-gambling-game-100-feet-underwater-and-the-deeper-group-kept-picking-the-losing-decks-while-previous-dive-count-offered-no-clear-protection-a-sign-that-nitrogen-narcosis-may/index.html.md): Twenty-two divers went underwater with a tablet and a card game, then split into two very different patterns of choice. The group working at 30 metres, close to... - [Sixty days of head-down bed rest changed brain signals while harder task scores held steady and two 30-minute artificial-gravity regimens neither hurt nor clearly improved thinking in a 22-person analysis built to prepare humans for longer space missions](https://www.argo.net/sixty-days-of-head-down-bed-rest-changed-brain-signals-while-harder-task-scores-held-steady-and-two-30-minute-artificial-gravity-regimens-neither-hurt-nor-clearly-improved-thinking-in-a-22-person-anal/index.html.md): Sixty days in a strict head-down bed rest study left volunteers with an unexpected split result: their harder working-memory style tasks did not collapse, yet the brain signals... - [Across 138 volunteers, as few as 10 to 21 litter items on a beach scene were enough to lower calm, happiness and the sense of restoration people expected from the coast and the sharpest drop came when the mess looked like careless public behavior instead of working gear from fishing](https://www.argo.net/across-138-volunteers-as-few-as-10-to-21-litter-items-on-a-beach-scene-were-enough-to-lower-calm-happiness-and-the-sense-of-restoration-people-expected-from-the-coast-and-the-sharpest-drop-came-when/index.html.md): A clean shore can feel like a reset button, yet this study found that the feeling is fragile. When researchers added small amounts of debris to beach photographs,... - [Ninety students spent the same 90 minutes on one Devon shore, either walking, rock pooling, or picking up litter and the beach cleaners came away with the strongest sense of meaning even as that volunteer lift and their broader green intentions were already easing one week later](https://www.argo.net/ninety-students-spent-the-same-90-minutes-on-one-devon-shore-either-walking-rock-pooling-or-picking-up-litter-and-the-beach-cleaners-came-away-with-the-strongest-sense-of-meaning-even-as-that-volun/index.html.md): Students who handled other people's rubbish left the shore feeling more purposeful than the students who simply walked the same coast. A field experiment in southwest England points... - [A review of 125 astronaut life stories found that space veterans spoke first about personal drive, but after returning they gave more space to universalism, spirituality and social recognition, offering a rare narrative map of how flying off Earth may reorder the values people choose to emphasize](https://www.argo.net/a-review-of-125-astronaut-life-stories-found-that-space-veterans-spoke-first-about-personal-drive-but-after-returning-they-gave-more-space-to-universalism-spirituality-and-social-recognition-offeri/index.html.md): One hundred twenty-five astronaut autobiographies, interviews and oral histories gave researchers an unusual way to study human behavior after spaceflight. Instead of asking astronauts to fill out one... - [Seven astronauts spent an average of 168 days on the ISS and their sense of upright grew noisier after landing while their reliance on visual cues stayed reduced for an average of 130 more days, showing that the brain can keep recalibrating for months after microgravity](https://www.argo.net/seven-astronauts-spent-an-average-of-168-days-on-the-iss-and-their-sense-of-upright-grew-noisier-after-landing-while-their-reliance-on-visual-cues-stayed-reduced-for-an-average-of-130-more-days-showi/index.html.md): Seven astronauts who lived aboard the International Space Station for an average of 168 days came home with a changed sense of which way was up. The biggest... - [Twenty-one older adults made 111 percent more listening errors on land than in chest-deep water, while immersion also doubled one balance-complexity measure and pushed sway area and velocity in the same direction, showing how a pool can lighten vigilance demands even as upright control becomes more challenging](https://www.argo.net/twenty-one-older-adults-made-111-percent-more-listening-errors-on-land-than-in-chest-deep-water-while-immersion-also-doubled-one-balance-complexity-measure-and-pushed-sway-area-and-velocity-in-the-sa/index.html.md): Twenty-one healthy older adults in their early seventies showed a striking split between mind and posture when researchers compared the same tasks on land and in chest-deep water.... - [Thirty healthy adults explored four virtual Seribu Islands scenes for 15 minutes, state anxiety scores fell by 8 points and the underwater view ranked first](https://www.argo.net/thirty-healthy-adults-explored-four-virtual-seribu-islands-scenes-for-15-minutes-state-anxiety-scores-fell-by-8-points-and-the-underwater-view-ranked-first/index.html.md): Thirty healthy adults spent 15 minutes in a VR session built around the Seribu Islands and their median state-anxiety score dropped from 33.5 to 25.5 right after the... - [Seventy-six volunteers stood through six moving-water tests and the people with more storm experience judged the current more accurately while deeper, faster water still pushed risk upward around their bodies](https://www.argo.net/seventy-six-volunteers-stood-through-six-moving-water-tests-and-the-people-with-more-storm-experience-judged-the-current-more-accurately-while-deeper-faster-water-still-pushed-risk-upward-around-thei/index.html.md): Seventy-six young adults stepped into a water flume, faced six combinations of depth and speed and then had to answer two simple questions: how fast is this water... - [A 3-minute Red Sea dive in virtual reality lifted positive mood after 107 university participants watched a real house fire, while their memory scores stayed close to the same across VR, reading and seated control groups](https://www.argo.net/a-3-minute-red-sea-dive-in-virtual-reality-lifted-positive-mood-after-107-university-participants-watched-a-real-house-fire-while-their-memory-scores-stayed-close-to-the-same-across-vr-reading-and-s/index.html.md): 107 participants at a Texas university watched a real three-minute video of a severe house fire, then took different short follow-up experiences. One group sat quietly, one read... - [Seven hundred seventeen Scottish open-water swimmers said mental wellbeing outranked physical gains in every surveyed age group except over 65 and a national study found that lake swimmers were also more likely than sea or river swimmers to worry about environmental damage](https://www.argo.net/seven-hundred-seventeen-scottish-open-water-swimmers-said-mental-wellbeing-outranked-physical-gains-in-every-surveyed-age-group-except-over-65-and-a-national-study-found-that-lake-swimmers-were-also-m/index.html.md): Open water swimming has gained a reputation as a tough outdoor habit, yet a national Scottish survey suggests many swimmers value it most for how it affects the... - [Twenty people with stage IV colorectal cancer spent 30 minutes inside a virtual coral reef and deep sea and the pilot study found immediate drops in pain, tension, stress and anxiety while leaving the bigger question of long-term benefit for randomized trials](https://www.argo.net/twenty-people-with-stage-iv-colorectal-cancer-spent-30-minutes-inside-a-virtual-coral-reef-and-deep-sea-and-the-pilot-study-found-immediate-drops-in-pain-tension-stress-and-anxiety-while-leaving-the/index.html.md): Twenty people with stage IV colorectal cancer sat through a single 30-minute virtual reality session and the study recorded sharp pre to post drops in pain, stress, anxiety,... - [Five Mir crew members logged 256 nights across missions lasting about six months and the record showed an extra hour of wakefulness in orbit while REM sleep recovered over time by taking time away from non-REM sleep](https://www.argo.net/five-mir-crew-members-logged-256-nights-across-missions-lasting-about-six-months-and-the-record-showed-an-extra-hour-of-wakefulness-in-orbit-while-rem-sleep-recovered-over-time-by-taking-time-away-fro/index.html.md): Five crew members sleeping aboard Mir gave researchers something space medicine rarely gets: a long run of repeated sleep records before launch, during flight and after return. Across... - [BASALT crews simulating Mars EVAs spent about 4.6 minutes writing each delayed reply, exchanged the heaviest text traffic between minutes 50 and 150 and saw the message stream thin out after minute 200 when sample collection left less room for Earth to steer field decisions](https://www.argo.net/basalt-crews-simulating-mars-evas-spent-about-4-6-minutes-writing-each-delayed-reply-exchanged-the-heaviest-text-traffic-between-minutes-50-and-150-and-saw-the-message-stream-thin-out-after-minute-20/index.html.md): BASALT crews simulating Mars surface work gave researchers a rare clock-by-clock look at how scientific decisions move when every exchange is delayed. In the study, teams working through... - [Four civilians spent only 3 days in orbit, yet NASA’s 10-test cognition battery found slower responses on four tasks, lower accuracy on three and an early in-flight deficit that was driven largely by astronaut C002](https://www.argo.net/four-civilians-spent-only-3-days-in-orbit-yet-nasas-10-test-cognition-battery-found-slower-responses-on-four-tasks-lower-accuracy-on-three-and-an-early-in-flight-deficit-that-was-driven-largely-by/index.html.md): A three-day trip to orbit sounds too short to leave much trace on thinking, yet the Inspiration4 mission gave researchers a rare chance to measure exactly that. In... - [Eighteen HI-SEAS crew members spent 8 to 12 months inside a Mars habitat on Mauna Loa and the combined stress signals suggest that the biological and social strain grew harder to manage after the missions passed their halfway point](https://www.argo.net/eighteen-hi-seas-crew-members-spent-8-to-12-months-inside-a-mars-habitat-on-mauna-loa-and-the-combined-stress-signals-suggest-that-the-biological-and-social-strain-grew-harder-to-manage-after-the-miss/index.html.md): Eighteen people lived through three long HI-SEAS missions that tried to mimic some of the isolation, confinement and delayed communication expected on a trip to Mars. The crews...